Purpose

To purify groundwater or surface water using distillation and evaluate its effects.

Expected Learning Outcomes

• Purify a substance using distillation and vacuum filtration
• Evaluate the purity using experimental data.

Introduction

Distillation

Distillation is the process in which a liquid is boiled and its vapor is re-condensed elsewhere to separate it from substances with a higher boiling point. When you vaporize a liquid, each component will have a different partial vapor pressure as determined by Raoult’s Law

[latex]P_A = \chi_A P_A^\circ[/latex]

where [latex]P_A^\circ[/latex] is the vapor pressure of the pure liquid, and [latex]\chi_A[/latex] is the mole fraction.^[1]  The more volatile compound (lower boiling point) will have a higher vapor pressure for the pure liquid, thus the more volatile compound will make up a larger proportion of the molecules in the vapor phase.

The liquid condensate is then collected.  Since this was condensed from the vapor phase, it would have the same composition as the vapor phase (and hence contain more of the more volatile component.

The technique requires a heat source, a vessel containing the mixture to be separated, a short vapor pathway to a cooled condenser and a receiver for collecting the condensed liquid.  A typical laboratory distillation apparatus is shown on the following figure.  The condensed liquid collected is referred to as the distillate.

This is a traditional approach used to purify many different chemicals, including how things with a high alcohol content like rum, vodka, and whiskey are created from beer/wine^[2]. But the most commonly used distilled chemical in the chemistry lab is distilled water^[3]. In this lab, we will learn how to distill water from a natural source and then evaluate the purity of our distilled water by using a standard test kit from fish stores.

Experimental Procedure

Special Equipment/Supplies

• 100 mL round-bottomed flask
• Alcohol thermometer
• Condenser
• Fish water test strips
• Ammonia test kit
• 150 mL of natural water

Filtration and Preliminary Observations

1. You will be provided with a sample of water obtained from somewhere in the area to purify.  Record the location and appearance of the water.
2. Following the directions on the test kits/strips, determine and record the concentrations of different impurities (nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, ammonia), hardness, and pH before filtration.
3. Following the directions in the back matter, set up and vacuum filter approximately 100 mL of water. Record the appearance and smell (being careful to waft the fumes to your nose rather than to smell the product directly) of the filtrate (the water that passed through the filter) and anything stuck on the filter.
   
4. AFTER starting the distillation, follow the directions on the test kits/strips to determine and record the concentrations of different impurities (nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, ammonia), hardness, and pH in the excess filtrate (~50 mL) and the excess original (unfiltered) sample (~50 mL).

Distillation

1. Create a distillation apparatus as seen below.
   • Note that this distillation apparatus is slightly different from the setup in the figure above:
     1. We are using a heating mantle (available from the back of the lab room) on a lab jack as our heating source.
     2. We will put green Keck clips at every joint except to the round-bottom flask (where it can get hot enough to melt plastic)
        • Keck clips are directional, put the larger side of the clip on the larger part of the joint.
        • Make sure the 3-prong clamp on the condenser has the 2 prongs underneath the condenser, is centered on the condenser, and that the base of the ring-stand is beneath the condenser.
     3. We will use a bent adapter in a 50 mL graduated cylinder as a receiving container (you can use a 25 mL graduated cylinder and occasionally transfer the liquid to an Erlenmeyer flask if your 50 mL graduated cylinder is too tall) instead of a vacuum adapter in a round-bottom flask.
        • Remember to connect the rubber tubing connected to the lower end of the condenser to the water supply and place the other end of the rubber tubing connected to the upper end of the condenser in the sink (if you have trouble getting the rubber tube to stay in the sink, tape it down).
   • 
2. Make a note of the temperature in the room according to your thermometer.
3. Add 2 boiling chips to a 100 mL round-bottom flask and measure its mass (use a cork ring to keep the flask from rolling off the balance and breaking).
4. Measure out approximately 50 mL of the filtered water into a graduated cylinder (record how much you measured out to the correct number of sig figs) and transfer it into the round-bottomed flask.
5. Turn on the water supply and make sure that there is a continuous flow of water through the condenser, and that the outer jacket is almost completely filled with water. Check with your instructor to ensure that the distillation setup is assembled correctly before proceeding. Make note in your lab notebook about any changes your instructor has you make.
6. Start by heating the flask at a setting of 8 on the Variac (if the Variac has a switch on the side, have this switch set to the bottom setting). Adjust the Variac setting every ~5 minutes by 0.5-1 until you have a drip rate of ~1 drop per second. Record the setting, temperature range, drip rate, and how much distillate you collected (and its appearance) during each 5-minute increment.
   • To help keep track of the volume, you can use the rule of thumb that 20 drops = 1 mL, but at some point you will need a more precise measurement of the volume.
7. Turn off the Variac and remove it from the round-bottom flask by lowering the lab jack when all of the water has been boiled out of the round-bottom flask.
   • Note that when distilling organic compounds, it’s important never to let the flask you’re distilling boil dry as some organic compounds can slowly form peroxides over time, which can explode if too much heat is applied (which can only happen after all of the solvent has boiled away). Since we’re distilling water, this isn’t an issue for us.

Characterizing the Product

1. Describe the appearance and smell (wafting again) of the distillate.
2. Measure the total volume of the distillate using a 50 mL graduated cylinder to the correct number of sig figs.
3. Use test kits/strips to determine and record the concentrations of different impurities (nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, ammonia), hardness, and pH in the distillate.
4. After letting it cool to room temperature, describe the appearance and smell (wafting again) of the residue in the round-bottomed flask and measure its mass.

Waste

The waste from this experiment can be washed down the drain with plenty of water.